user:kurser:ham_vt2023_l9
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user:kurser:ham_vt2023_l9 [2023/05/01 16:45] – [Använd jordfelsbrytare!] user | user:kurser:ham_vt2023_l9 [2023/05/16 12:30] – [CardioPulmonar Reanimation (CPR/HLR)] user | ||
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====Ground fault protection==== | ====Ground fault protection==== | ||
- | TO BE TRANSLATED ... EVENTUALLY / SA6JKK 2023-05-01 | ||
- | |||
Use Ground Fault Protection (jordfelsbrytare)! | Use Ground Fault Protection (jordfelsbrytare)! | ||
Line 140: | Line 138: | ||
* To reduce the risk of fire | * To reduce the risk of fire | ||
- | Ground fault protection does not protect against currents flowing from phase to neutral conductor or phase to phase (three-phase). Ground fault protection shall not be a replacement for protection grounding, but be an complete | + | Ground fault protection does not protect against currents flowing from phase to neutral conductor or phase to phase (three-phase). Ground fault protection shall not be a replacement for protection grounding, but can under certain circumstances increase |
- | + | =====Tips for the electronics builder===== | |
- | Jordfelsbrytaren skyddar inte för strömmar som går genom fasledare och neutralledare eller genom fas till fasledare (3-fas). Jordfelsbrytare | + | |
- | får inte ersätta skyddsjordning, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | =====Praktiska råd för självbyggaren===== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Höljet ska vara anpassat till apparaten och inte vara öppningsbart utan verktyg. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Höljet ska vara försett med nödvändiga ventilationshål för att undvika överhettning. Observera att spänningsförande delar inte får vara nåbara genom ventilationshålen. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Höljet får inte bli så varmt att skada kan uppstå på människa eller egendom. | + | |
- | Är höljet eller chassiet till en elnätsansluten apparat av ledande | + | * The chassis shall be adapted for the device and not be openable without tools. |
+ | * The chassis shall have ventilation holes to prevent overheating. Observe that live parts shall not be reachable from the ventilation holes. | ||
+ | * The chassis shall not be hot enough to hurt human or property | ||
+ | * If the chassis is to be connected to the grid and is made from conductive | ||
+ | * The AC cable for grid connection shall be adequately strain relieved that also protects from cable wear where the cable leaves the chassis. | ||
+ | * Components in the device shall be dimensioned for the correct power, voltage, current levels and and heat generated in the device. A tip is to have good thermal margins since that leads to increased lifetime and safety margins. | ||
+ | * The device shall be equipped with a correctlyt dimensioned fuse to protect against shorts and over-loads. | ||
+ | * Grid connected devices shall be equipped with two-pole switches. (fuse and neutral) | ||
+ | * Live parts inside the device shall be equipped with touching protection to protect against accidental touches. | ||
+ | * Components in the device shall be fixed in position at suitable internal distances so that the risk of disturbances, | ||
+ | * Cables and conductors for high voltage shall be protected against hot components, wear, sharp corners and be separated physically from low voltage sections and signals. | ||
+ | * Always have bleeder resistors in parallel with " | ||
+ | * Always use Ground fault protected outlets. | ||
- | Kabeln för nätanslutning ska vara försedd med en för ändamålet lämplig dragavlastning som även skyddar kabeln mot nötning när den passerar höljet. | ||
- | Komponenter i apparaten ska vara dimensionerade och godkända för den effekt de utvecklar och för den spänning och strömstyrka de ansluts till. | + | ====Dangers! ==== |
+ | Important for the test! | ||
- | Not: Ett tips är att ha god marginal vad gäller värmetålighet då det ger ökad livslängd och större säkerhetsmarginaler. | ||
- | Apparaten ska vara försedd med korrekt dimensionerad säkring som skydd mot kortslutning och överbelastning. | + | * Overheating |
+ | * High voltages | ||
+ | * Large currents | ||
+ | * Place antennas out of reach for unauthorized | ||
+ | * Charged capacitors | ||
+ | * Lightning | ||
+ | * Antennas and antenna cables can never be protected from lightning strikes. Observe that it is not ok to connect to the buildings lightning protection (åskledare) this will invalidate home insurances | ||
- | Elnätsansluten apparat ska vara försedd med 2-polig nätströmbrytare. | ||
- | Spänningsförande delar i apparaten ska vara försedda med beröringsskydd som skyddar mot oavsiktlig beröring. | + | ====Safety==== |
- | Komponenter i apparaten ska monteras fast och placeras på lämpliga inbördes avstånd så att risken för störningar, | + | During repair the device shall be powered off. Before starting working |
- | Kablar och ledningar för starkström ska skyddas mot varma komponenter, | + | 1) turn off the device power swithch |
- | Koppla urladdningsresistorer | + | 2) Unplug the power cable (double safety) |
- | Sträva efter att alltid ansluta din apparat via vägguttag skyddade av jordfelsbrytare. | + | If trimming or fault finding with live voltage is required follow the following, |
- | **Faror! Viktigast på provet** | + | |
+ | | ||
+ | | ||
+ | | ||
- | Överhettning | ||
- | Höga spänningar | ||
- | Höga strömmar | + | ====Lead Acid Batteries ==== |
- | Placera helst antennerna utom räckhåll för obehöriga. | + | Even though the voltage is low for lead acid batteries they can deliver large short circuit currents. Remove rings, watches and similar when working with them. Use isolated tools when working with battery poles. |
- | Restladdning i kondensatorer | + | Be aware of the electrolyte in lead acit batteries. It is highly corrosive. |
- | Åska | + | Be aware of the explosion risk from hydrogen released from charging a battery which can send acid into eyes. |
- | Antenner och antennkablar kan man aldrig skydda mot blixtnedslag. | + | Modern Lithium (Li<> |
- | Observera, att man inte får ”haka på” husets ordinarie åskledare. Då gäller inte husförsäkringen | + | =====When things go wrong (not part of the test)===== |
- | **Säkerhetsåtgärder** | + | Electrical fires have different properties compared to the usual solid/ |
- | Vid reparation ska utrustningen vara spänningslös. Före arbetet ska du | + | =====Fire safety===== |
- | 1. stänga av utrustningens nätströmbrytare | + | In order to burn, fires usually require three things: combustible (i.e. wood), comburent/ |
- | 2. dra ur stickproppen ur vägguttaget (dubbel säkerhet). | + | Electrical fires are a bit special compared to " |
- | Om trimning eller felsökning måste ske under spänning ska följande iakttas: | + | To minimize the risks of a fire, you should make sure that your cable insulation has fire retardants and that cables carrying large currents/ |
+ | - Move to safety. Avoid any smoke and fumes and try to walk close to the floor. | ||
+ | - Turn off the power if you can. No electricity means no extra energy provided to the fire. | ||
+ | - Warn everybody about the fire so they can evacuate. | ||
+ | - Call 112 and ask for help. Better to have an unnecessary fire brigade call than death people. Prioritize going somewhere safe to calling. If there is a fire alarm activate it. | ||
+ | - Do not fight the fire unless you know how to do so safely. Never use an inadequate fire extinguisher, | ||
+ | - Ensure everybody is out. If anybody may still be trapped in the building warn the firemen and give as clear indications about their location as possible. | ||
- | Arbeta inte med anläggningen när du är trött eller omotiverad. Då är du minst vaksam mot olyckor. | + | Fire extinguishers work usually under similar principles although they use different materials and techniques to extinguish the fire. Always make sure you are aware where the two or three closest ones are placed, what kind of fires (A: solid, B: liquid, C: gas, D: metals, E: old classification for electrical, F: fat) it can handle. Never use an extinguisher against a class of fire it cannot handle (for electrical fires always check the label to avoid electrical shock). Never use a fire extinguisher on humans as this may cause larger damage. Never use an extinguisher on a fire if you cannot do so safely. Prioritize extinguishing fires to clear evacuation paths. Prioritize turning off electricity to using an extinguisher in an electric fire. |
- | Se till att du inte får ström genom kroppen, arbeta helst bara med höger hand och håll den andra borta från den utrustning som du arbetar med. | + | To use most extinguishers: |
- | Stoppa gärna den fria handen i fickan! | + | - Take the extinguisher as close as safely possible to the fire ensuring a safe distance. |
+ | - Remove the precinct from the locking ring. | ||
+ | - Remove the locking ring. | ||
+ | - Point the hose towards the base (lower part) of the flames. | ||
+ | - Pull the handle. | ||
+ | - Move the hose to cover the whole area in flames. | ||
- | Ha inga hörtelefoner på huvudet. Använd högtalare om du trimmar med hörseln. | + | Always keep an eye on an " |
- | Helst bör någon finnas i närheten när du arbetar i apparater under spänning. Visa var nätströmbrytaren sitter. Se gärna till att han/hon kan elolycksfallshjälp. | + | Another useful tool to handle fires is a fire blanket. These can be particularly useful to extinguish fires on humans. Fire blankets work by removing the comburent from the fire. To use a fire blanket do as follows: |
+ | - Try to get the person on fire to lie on the floor with arms and legs closed and parallel to the body. | ||
+ | - Deploy the blanket from head to toes ensuring a bit of slack on the head. Avoid moving the blanket once over the person. | ||
+ | - Prepare for a high temperature. If you have work gloves at hand put them quick. | ||
+ | - Starting from the top of the head push the blanket as close as possible to the body of the person. Make your way slowly from the head towards the feet. | ||
+ | - Call 112 and ask for an ambulance. | ||
- | **Vid arbete med ackumulatorbatterier: | + | NEVER try to extinguish the fire with a blanket in any direction other than from head to toes. Doing so may cause significantly worse damage on the person. |
- | Trots att spänningen är låg kan ackumulatorbatterier lämna mycket höga strömmar vid kortslutning. Tag därför av fingerringar, | + | =====Electrical shock===== |
- | Akta dig för elektrolyten i ackumulatorbatterierna – den är starkt frätande. | + | During an electrical shock, large currents traverse the body producing burns and/or interfering with the nervous system. The burn damage of an electrical shock is usually below the skin and cannot be easily seen. Also the interference with the nervous system may cause the victim' |
- | Varning för explosionsrisk av knallgas och syrastänk i ögonen. | + | In the case a person is electrocuted do the following: |
+ | - Never touch the person directly or with any conductive material. | ||
+ | - Turn off the power immediately. | ||
+ | - Call for help. | ||
+ | - Try to separate the person from the electrical device/ | ||
+ | - Once the person is separated call 112 and ask for an ambulance. | ||
+ | - Check the person is conscious and breathes (see CPR section for more info on this). | ||
+ | - Note down the body area where electricity came in and, if possible, the area where it came out. If the skin is not too damaged you can also use a pen to mark the surrounding area. | ||
+ | - If the person does not breathe, start CPR immediately. | ||
+ | - Apply cold water or indirect ice in the burn area until the ambulance arrives. | ||
+ | - ALWAYS ensure a person who has been shocked visits a doctor, electrical burns are not always visible and are usually much worse than may appear. | ||
- | Moderna litium-polymer (LiPo) batterier är oerhört energirika. Dessa kan börja brinna med hög temperatur, och bör behandlas varsamt samt läggas i därför lämpliga skyddspåsar. Akta för överladdning! | ||
+ | =====CardioPulmonar Reanimation (CPR/ | ||
+ | If a person is electrocuted or losses consciousness, | ||
+ | - Ensure it is safe to reach the person, specially if electrical injuries are suspected. | ||
+ | - Call for help. | ||
+ | - Call the person' | ||
+ | - If no response, move your ear close to the mouth and nose to see if the person breathes. | ||
+ | - If no breathing call 112 (or ask another person to do so) set the phone on handsfree mode. Report the incident and listen to the operator for support. | ||
+ | - If there is a defibrillator close by fetch it (if possible send another person to get it). Closest one to ETA is on the 5th floor close to the stair case. | ||
+ | - Place person with the chest up. | ||
+ | - CPR: Put both hands one on top of the other on the chest where the center of the imaginary line between both nipples would be. Keep arms stiff and press hard using your body weight. Hands should sink 5 to 6 cm. Remember, a broken rib is better than a dead person. Repeat 30 times in around 15 seconds. | ||
+ | - Put your mouth against the other persons mouth, close their nose with a hand and pull their chin down with the other. Give two mouthfuls of air, ensuring the chest of the person rises and holding air for at least a second. | ||
+ | - Repeat the CPR procedure until the defibrillator arrives. | ||
+ | - When defibrillator arrives press the button to start it. | ||
+ | - Place the pads on the chest close to the right shoulder and the other pad on the tummy close to the left elbow. | ||
+ | - Follow the instructions, | ||
+ | - Resume CPR until the defibrillator instructs you to stop doing so. | ||
+ | The ideal ratio is 30 presses followed by 2 breathes. Presses should be 100 to 120 times per minute. | ||
+ | CPR is a very tiresome process, if there is more than one person it might be a good idea to take turns between presses and blows. | ||
+ | Prioritize calling 112 and others close by for help, then getting a defibrillator (if it will take you less than 4 minutes to get it) and then CPR. CPR wins time but does not restart the heart. | ||
+ | CPR is painful if the person is conscious. If unsure perform CPR and stop if the person complains. |
user/kurser/ham_vt2023_l9.txt · Last modified: 2024/02/13 18:08 by user