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--- user:kurser:ham_vt2023_l9 [2023/05/01 15:13] – user
+++ user:kurser:ham_vt2023_l9 [2024/02/13 18:08] (current) – user
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-=====ETA313-09: Theory Lesson 4: Electrical safety, grounding, isolation, EMC =====
+======ETA313-09: Theory Lesson 4: Electrical safety, grounding, isolation, EMC ======
-[[user:kurser:ham_vt2023|Back to course information]]
+[[user:kurser:ham_vt2024|Back to course information]]
 **Recommended reading: KonCEPT page 237-259 (Chapter 10,11,12)**
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 The legal stuff is translated by -JKK who is not a lawyer... it may not be accurate.
-=====EMC/n' stuffs=====
-====Disturbances====
+=====Disturbances=====
 **Intermodulation ** (Splatter)
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
-**Electromagnetic field strength limits**
+=====Electromagnetic field strength limits=====
 It is not allowed to cause high electromagnetic field strength in a public place
@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
-**What can a regular citizen do?**
+=====What can a regular citizen do?=====
-TO BE TRANSLATED ... EVENTUALLY / SA6JKK 2023-05-01
 If you have adequate knowledge concerning electrical safety you are allowed to change:
@@ Line 96: / Line 94: @@
-**Hur dödar man inte sig själv?**
+=====How do I not kill myself?=====
-CE-märkning. Inte China Export.
+Explain CE-marking. Not China Export.
 Radioutrustningslagen SFS 2016:392
@@ Line 104: / Line 102: @@
 Lagens tillämpningsområde och definitioner anger att lagen inte omfattar radioutrustning som används av radioamatörer för amatörradiotrafik, under förutsättning att utrustningen inte tillhandahålls på marknaden. Radioutrustning som används av radioamatörer för amatörradiotrafik ska inte anses tillhandahållen om det är:
-radiobyggsatser som är avsedda att byggas samman och användas av radioamatörer
+  * radiobyggsatser som är avsedda att byggas samman och användas av radioamatörer
+  * radioutrustning som har modifierats av radioamatörer för att användas av radioamatörer
+  * utrustning som har konstruerats av enskilda radioamatörer för experimentella och vetenskapliga ändamål i samband med amatörradio
+  * Detta innebär att du som radioamatör, utöver vanlig elektronik, får bygga och använda en radioutrustning. Du är då ansvarig för att den utrustning du byggt är säker att använda och inte orsakar störningar.
-radioutrustning som har modifierats av radioamatörer för att användas av radioamatörer
-utrustning som har konstruerats av enskilda radioamatörer för experimentella och vetenskapliga ändamål i samband med amatörradio
+This law above means that you may do the following!
+  * Build a radio from a kit that designed to be constructed by ham radio operators
+  * use a radio that has been modified to be used inside the ham bands.
+  * Transmit with things for experimental and scientific purposes in the ham bands.
+  * You may construct/design/build and use radio devices that may be connected to high voltage. YOU are responsible that they do not cause interference. YOU are responsible that the device does not cause any sort of harm to a persons devices and pets (you may connect it to the power grid!)
-Detta innebär att du som radioamatör, utöver vanlig elektronik, får bygga och använda en radioutrustning. Du är då ansvarig för att den utrustning du byggt är säker att använda och inte orsakar störningar.
+This law above means that you may NOT do the following!
+  * Build a transmitter for usage outside the ham bands.
+  * Modify a transmitter for usage outside the ham bands.
+  * Modify a CE-Marked transmitter for usage outside the ham bands.
+  * Restore a CE-Marked transmitter to its orignial form after it has been modified for usage outside the ham bands.
+  * Mount a filter inside a CE-marked apparatus.
-Detta innebär dock inte att du får göra följande:
-Bygga en sändare för användning utanför amatörradiobanden.
+====Ground fault protection====
-Modifiera en amatörradiosändare för användning utanför amatörradiobanden
-Modifiera en CE-märkt sändare utanför amatörradiobanden.
-Återställa en CE-märkt sändare till ursprunget efter modifiering till amatörradiosändare på amatörradiobanden.
-Montera avstörningsfilter inuti en CE-märkt apparat.
-Radioutrustningen får vara avsedd att anslutas till en starkströmsanläggning om utrustningen vid användning inte orsakar någon typ av skada på person egendom eller husdjur. (Du får koppla in den i väggen!)
-Men apparaten behöver vara säker!
-**Använd jordfelsbrytare!**
-Jordfelsbrytare är en automatisk strömbrytare som snabbt bryter strömmen då strömmen till och från en apparat är olika. Detta kan inträffa vid ett jordfel eller vid överledning i en skyddsjordad apparat eller i andra fall när inkommande ström och utgående ström genom jordfelsbrytaren inte är lika stora. Jordfelsbrytaren kan skydda dig:
+Use Ground Fault Protection (jordfelsbrytare)!
-vid isolations- och jordfel
-om chassiet på en apparat blir strömförande
-om du kommer åt spänningsförande delar och jord samtidigt
-om vägguttagen saknar skyddsjord
-om du använder en apparat på ett felaktigt sätt i våtutrymmen
-om du installerat en apparat på att felaktigt sätt
+Ground fault protection is an automatic switch that quickly disconnects power when the current entering the device and the current leaving the device are different. This can happen when there is a ground fault that cause current to flow into the safety ground/chassis of the device.
-om apparatens kabel skadats
+Ground fault protection protects you from the following isolations and ground faults.
-mot och minimera risken för brand.
+  * If the chassis of a device is connected to live voltage.
+  * If you touch live voltage and ground at the same time.
+  * If the outlet lack safety ground
+  * If you use a device wrongly in a wet area
+  * If you install the device wrong
+  * If the device cable is damaged
+  * To reduce the risk of fire
-Jordfelsbrytaren skyddar inte för strömmar som går genom fasledare och neutralledare eller genom fas till fasledare (3-fas). Jordfelsbrytare
+Ground fault protection does not protect against currents flowing from phase to neutral conductor or phase to phase (three-phase). Ground fault protection shall not be a replacement for protection grounding, but can under certain circumstances increase the protection from protection grounding. Ground fault protection is required in new installations. It is reccomended to install Ground fault protection in old buildings.
-får inte ersätta skyddsjordning, men kan under särskilda förutsättningar komplettera skyddsjordningen som en extra säkerhetsåtgärd. Vid nyinstallation av bostäder är det numera krav på att minst en jordfelsbrytare ska installeras. Beställ gärna installation av jordfelsbrytare i äldre anläggningar
+=====Tips for the electronics builder=====
-**Praktiska råd för självbyggaren**
+  * The chassis shall be adapted for the device and not be openable without tools.
+  * The chassis shall have ventilation holes to prevent overheating. Observe that live parts shall not be reachable from the ventilation holes.
+  * The chassis shall not be hot enough to hurt human or property
+  * If the chassis is to be connected to the grid and is made from conductive material the chassis and parts that can fail as a short shall be connected to protective ground.
+  * The AC cable for grid connection shall be adequately strain relieved that also protects from cable wear where the cable leaves the chassis.
+  * Components in the device shall be dimensioned for the correct power, voltage, current levels and and heat generated in the device. A tip is to have good thermal margins since that leads to increased lifetime and safety margins.
+  * The device shall be equipped with a correctlyt dimensioned fuse to protect against shorts and over-loads.
+  * Grid connected devices shall be equipped with two-pole switches. (fuse and neutral)
+  * Live parts inside the device shall be equipped with touching protection to protect against accidental touches.
+  * Components in the device shall be fixed in position at suitable internal distances so that the risk of disturbances, sparks, short circuits and overheating is minimized.
+  * Cables and conductors for high voltage shall be protected against hot components, wear, sharp corners and be separated physically from low voltage sections and signals.
+  * Always have bleeder resistors in parallel with "big" capacitors so they are discharged when power is disconnected.
+  * Always use Ground fault protected outlets.
-Höljet ska vara anpassat till apparaten och inte vara öppningsbart utan verktyg.
-Höljet ska vara försett med nödvändiga ventilationshål för att undvika överhettning. Observera att spänningsförande delar inte får vara nåbara genom ventilationshålen.
+====Dangers! ====
+Important for the test!
-Höljet får inte bli så varmt att skada kan uppstå på människa eller egendom.
-Är höljet eller chassiet till en elnätsansluten apparat av ledande material och apparaten inte har förstärkt isolering så ska utsatta delar som riskerar att spänningssättas vid fel anslutas till skyddsjord.
+  * Overheating
+  * High voltages
+  * Large currents
+  * Place antennas out of reach for unauthorized
+  * Charged capacitors
+  * Lightning
+  * Antennas and antenna cables can never be protected from lightning strikes. Observe that it is not ok to connect to the buildings lightning protection (åskledare) this will invalidate home insurances
-Kabeln för nätanslutning ska vara försedd med en för ändamålet lämplig dragavlastning som även skyddar kabeln mot nötning när den passerar höljet.
-Komponenter i apparaten ska vara dimensionerade och godkända för den effekt de utvecklar och för den spänning och strömstyrka de ansluts till.
+====Safety====
-Not: Ett tips är att ha god marginal vad gäller värmetålighet då det ger ökad livslängd och större säkerhetsmarginaler.
+During repair the device shall be powered off. Before starting working
-Apparaten ska vara försedd med korrekt dimensionerad säkring som skydd mot kortslutning och överbelastning.
+) turn off the device power swithch
-Elnätsansluten apparat ska vara försedd med 2-polig nätströmbrytare.
+) Unplug the power cable (double safety)
-Spänningsförande delar i apparaten ska vara försedda med beröringsskydd som skyddar mot oavsiktlig beröring.
+If trimming or fault finding with live voltage is required follow the following,
-Komponenter i apparaten ska monteras fast och placeras på lämpliga inbördes avstånd så att risken för störningar, överslag, kortslutning eller överhettning minimeras.
+  * Do not work when tired or unmotivated
+  * Make sure to not get electrocuted. If possible work with one hand and keep the other hand away from the device. Preferable in your back pocket!
+  * Don't wear (wired) headphones. Use speaker for trimming by ear.
+  * Don't work alone with live devices. Show the other person where the power switch is located. It is preferable if they know how to assist with electrocution injuries.
-Kablar och ledningar för starkström ska skyddas mot varma komponenter, nötning och skarpa kanter samt förläggas separerade från ledningar för klenspänning och signaler.
-Koppla urladdningsresistorer (bleeder) över filterkondensatorer, så att de laddas ur när matningen stängs av.
-Sträva efter att alltid ansluta din apparat via vägguttag skyddade av jordfelsbrytare.
+====Lead Acid Batteries ====
-**Faror! Viktigast på provet**
+Even though the voltage is low for lead acid batteries they can deliver large short circuit currents. Remove rings, watches and similar when working with them. Use isolated tools when working with battery poles.
-Överhettning
+Be aware of the electrolyte in lead acit batteries. It is highly corrosive.
-Höga spänningar
+Be aware of the explosion risk from hydrogen released from charging a battery which can send acid into eyes.
-Höga strömmar
+Modern Lithium (Li<>) batteries are incredibly energy dense. These can catch fire with high temperatures and should be treated carefully. Be careful not to overcharge!
-Placera helst antennerna utom räckhåll för obehöriga.
+=====When things go wrong (not part of the test)=====
-Restladdning i kondensatorer
+Electrical fires have different properties compared to the usual solid/liquid fires we usually see. Also electrical injuries are a bit special as they cause harm through internal burns and interference with the nervous system. This section explains my (klondike's) knowledge in these areas so that you can save lifes. I'm a not a certified trainer in fire safety nor electrical injuries/CPR although I have had formal training in these areas. This is not a replacement of such training and you should attend it if you have the possibility of doing so.
-Åska
+=====Fire safety=====
-Antenner och antennkablar kan man aldrig skydda mot blixtnedslag.
+In order to burn, fires usually require three things: combustible (i.e. wood), comburent/oxidizer (i.e. oxygen), and enough energy (i.e. the flame that starts the reaction). Remove one and the fire stops.
-Observera, att man inte får ”haka på” husets ordinarie åskledare. Då gäller inte husförsäkringen
+Electrical fires are a bit special compared to "normal" fires. In an electrical fire, an electrical fault, for example a short circuit, is providing a huge amount of energy which helps things that would not combust under normal circumstances catch fire.
-**Säkerhetsåtgärder**
+To minimize the risks of a fire, you should make sure that your cable insulation has fire retardants and that cables carrying large currents/voltages are never close to any inflammable substances. Also, all such cabling should include appropriate fuses to ensure current is cut in case a fault happens. Still accidents can happen and shorts were current is not large enough to activate fuses can cause fires, here is how to act if such a thing happens:
+  - Move to safety. Avoid any smoke and fumes and try to walk close to the floor.
+  - Turn off the power if you can. No electricity means no extra energy provided to the fire.
+  - Warn everybody about the fire so they can evacuate.
+  - Call 112 and ask for help. Better to have an unnecessary fire brigade call than death people. Prioritize going somewhere safe to calling. If there is a fire alarm activate it.
+  - Do not fight the fire unless you know how to do so safely. Never use an inadequate fire extinguisher, some extinguishing materials conduct electricity so you risk electrocution or worsening the fault. Prioritize use of extinguishers to clear evacuation paths blocked by fire.
+  - Ensure everybody is out. If anybody may still be trapped in the building warn the firemen and give as clear indications about their location as possible.
-Vid reparation ska utrustningen vara spänningslös. Före arbetet ska du
+Fire extinguishers work usually under similar principles although they use different materials and techniques to extinguish the fire. Always make sure you are aware where the two or three closest ones are placed, what kind of fires (A: solid, B: liquid, C: gas, D: metals, E: old classification for electrical, F: fat) it can handle. Never use an extinguisher against a class of fire it cannot handle (for electrical fires always check the label to avoid electrical shock). Never use a fire extinguisher on humans as this may cause larger damage. Never use an extinguisher on a fire if you cannot do so safely. Prioritize extinguishing fires to clear evacuation paths. Prioritize turning off electricity to using an extinguisher in an electric fire.
-. stänga av utrustningens nätströmbrytare
+To use most extinguishers:
+  - Take the extinguisher as close as safely possible to the fire ensuring a safe distance.
+  - Remove the precinct from the locking ring.
+  - Remove the locking ring.
+  - Point the hose towards the base (lower part) of the flames.
+  - Pull the handle.
+  - Move the hose to cover the whole area in flames.
-. dra ur stickproppen ur vägguttaget (dubbel säkerhet).
+Always keep an eye on an "extinguished" fire if it is safe to do so as it might reignite.
-Om trimning eller felsökning måste ske under spänning ska följande iakttas:
+Another useful tool to handle fires is a fire blanket. These can be particularly useful to extinguish fires on humans. Fire blankets work by removing the comburent from the fire. To use a fire blanket do as follows:
+  - Try to get the person on fire to lie on the floor with arms and legs closed and parallel to the body.
+  - Deploy the blanket from head to toes ensuring a bit of slack on the head. Avoid moving the blanket once over the person.
+  - Prepare for a high temperature. If you have work gloves at hand put them quick.
+  - Starting from the top of the head push the blanket as close as possible to the body of the person. Make your way slowly from the head towards the feet.
+  - Call 112 and ask for an ambulance.
-Arbeta inte med anläggningen när du är trött eller omotiverad. Då är du minst vaksam mot olyckor.
+NEVER try to extinguish the fire with a blanket in any direction other than from head to toes. Doing so may cause significantly worse damage on the person.
-Se till att du inte får ström genom kroppen, arbeta helst bara med höger hand och håll den andra borta från den utrustning som du arbetar med.
+=====Electrical shock=====
-Stoppa gärna den fria handen i fickan!
-Ha inga hörtelefoner på huvudet. Använd högtalare om du trimmar med hörseln.
+During an electrical shock, large currents traverse the body producing burns and/or interfering with the nervous system. The burn damage of an electrical shock is usually below the skin and cannot be easily seen. Also the interference with the nervous system may cause the victim's heart to stop and their muscles to contract and be unable to let the item causing the shock to go.
-Helst bör någon finnas i närheten när du arbetar i apparater under spänning. Visa var nätströmbrytaren sitter. Se gärna till att han/hon kan elolycksfallshjälp.
+In the case a person is electrocuted do the following:
+  - Never touch the person directly or with any conductive material.
+  - Turn off the power immediately.
+  - Call for help.
+  - Try to separate the person from the electrical device/cable using a non conductive element.
+  - Once the person is separated call 112 and ask for an ambulance.
+  - Check the person is conscious and breathes (see CPR section for more info on this).
+  - Note down the body area where electricity came in and, if possible, the area where it came out. If the skin is not too damaged you can also use a pen to mark the surrounding area.
+  - If the person does not breathe, start CPR immediately.
+  - Apply cold water or indirect ice in the burn area until the ambulance arrives.
+  - ALWAYS ensure a person who has been shocked visits a doctor, electrical burns are not always visible and are usually much worse than may appear.
-**Vid arbete med ackumulatorbatterier:**
-Trots att spänningen är låg kan ackumulatorbatterier lämna mycket höga strömmar vid kortslutning. Tag därför av fingerringar, armbandsur med mera. Använd isolerade verktyg vid arbete med batteripolskor.
+=====CardioPulmonar Reanimation (CPR/HLR)=====
+If a person is electrocuted or losses consciousness, there is a risk that their heart has stopped beating. Nevertheless, you can still save their life by performing CPR. You should spend a few minutes seeing the videos at https://www.hlr.nu/utbildningsfilmer/ specially the "Vuxen-HLR" one. What follows is a short summary of how to proceed in such a situation:
+  - Ensure it is safe to reach the person, specially if electrical injuries are suspected.
+  - Call for help.
+  - Call the person's name loud to check if they are conscious.
+  - If no response, move your ear close to the mouth and nose to see if the person breathes.
+  - If no breathing call 112 (or ask another person to do so) set the phone on handsfree mode. Report the incident and listen to the operator for support.
+  - If there is a defibrillator close by fetch it (if possible send another person to get it). Closest one to ETA is on the 5th floor close to the stair case.
+  - Place person with the chest up.
+  - CPR: Put both hands one on top of the other on the chest where the center of the imaginary line between both nipples would be. Keep arms stiff and press hard using your body weight. Hands should sink 5 to 6 cm. Remember, a broken rib is better than a dead person. Repeat 30 times in around 15 seconds.
+  - Put your mouth against the other persons mouth, close their nose with a hand and pull their chin down with the other. Give two mouthfuls of air, ensuring the chest of the person rises and holding air for at least a second.
+  - Repeat the CPR procedure until the defibrillator arrives.
+  - When defibrillator arrives press the button to start it.
+  - Place the pads on the chest close to the right shoulder and the other pad on the tummy close to the left elbow.
+  - Follow the instructions, ensure nobody touches the patient before the defibrillator activates. Remember that you might need to press the button defibrillation.
+  - Resume CPR until the defibrillator instructs you to stop doing so.
-Akta dig för elektrolyten i ackumulatorbatterierna – den är starkt frätande.
+The ideal ratio is 30 presses followed by 2 breathes. Presses should be 100 to 120 times per minute.
+CPR is a very tiresome process, if there is more than one person it might be a good idea to take turns between presses and blows.
+Prioritize calling 112 and others close by for help, then getting a defibrillator (if it will take you less than 4 minutes to get it) and then CPR. CPR wins time but does not restart the heart.
+CPR is painful if the person is conscious. If unsure perform CPR and stop if the person complains.
-Varning för explosionsrisk av knallgas och syrastänk i ögonen.
-Moderna litium-polymer (LiPo) batterier är oerhört energirika. Dessa kan börja brinna med hög temperatur, och bör behandlas varsamt samt läggas i därför lämpliga skyddspåsar. Akta för överladdning!
+=====Calling 112=====
+As when answering to an emergency situation, it is important to answer the following questions when calling 112.
+Where? Where is help needed? (Position) Try to give as clear indications as possible
+What? What has happened?
+Who? Who is it distressed? Number of people (if many) and age.
+How? Does the distressed person need help? (ambulance/medicine/fire brigade/police/sea rescue?).
+When? How long ago did the issue happen.